How is fetal heart rate typically monitored during labor?

Fetal heart rate monitoring during labor is crucial for assessing the well-being of the fetus and detecting any potential issues. The most reliable method is through external electronic fetal monitoring. This technique involves placing sensors on the mother's abdomen that track the fetal heart rate and uterine contractions. It provides continuous real-time data, allowing healthcare providers to assess the fetal heart rate patterns and respond promptly to any changes that may indicate fetal distress.

Although abdominal palpation can provide some information about fetal positioning and movement, it does not accurately measure the fetal heart rate. Similarly, while a stethoscope can be used to listen for the fetal heart tones, it offers a less precise and intermittent assessment compared to electronic monitoring. Checking the mother's pulse does not provide any information about the fetal heart rate and is not relevant to monitoring the fetus directly. Thus, external electronic fetal monitoring remains the standard and most effective method for observing fetal heart rate during labor.