What is the leading cause of neonatal morbidity?

The leading cause of neonatal morbidity is respiratory distress syndrome. This condition primarily results from a deficiency of surfactant in the lungs, which is particularly prevalent in preterm infants due to the immaturity of their lungs. Surfactant helps keep the alveoli open and reduces surface tension, preventing collapse during the breathing cycle.

Neonates affected by respiratory distress syndrome often require additional respiratory support, such as supplemental oxygen or mechanical ventilation, which can lead to longer hospital stays and increased risk of complications. The condition is a direct result of other factors, such as prematurity, but is recognized specifically as a significant cause of neonatal morbidity because it directly impacts the health and stability of newborns immediately after birth.

Other factors, like infections during pregnancy or congenital heart defects, can contribute to neonatal complications as well, but respiratory distress syndrome is particularly notable for its immediate and severe impact on neonatal health outcomes. Prematurity, while a significant factor that leads to many complications, including respiratory distress syndrome, is more of a risk factor for a range of conditions rather than a direct cause of morbidity itself.